英文の内容把握（主張・具体例・逆接） ── 問題
基礎
- 次の英文を読んで、問いに答えなさい。 When companies first allowed employees to work from home, many managers expected productivity to fall. They imagined people watching television instead of answering emails. What actually happened was more complicated. Surveys taken over the following years showed that most employees completed at least as much work as before, and some completed more. However, the same surveys revealed a cost that few had predicted. Workers reported that they learned less from their colleagues. In an office, a new employee overhears how an experienced worker handles a difficult phone call, or asks a quick question across the desk. At home, these small moments disappear. The work that can be measured continued, while the learning that cannot be measured quietly declined. This suggests that the debate about remote work has been asking the wrong question. The issue is not whether people work hard at home; most of them do. The issue is how organizations pass on knowledge that was never written down. Companies that solve this problem will be able to offer flexibility without losing the skills of the next generation. 本文の内容と合致するものはどれか。 （ア 在宅勤務では、経験豊かな社員ほど新人から学ぶ機会が増えた。 イ 調査の結果、企業の多くは在宅勤務を取りやめることを決めた。 ウ 調査では、大半の従業員が以前と同じかそれ以上の仕事をこなしていた。 エ 従業員の多くは、自宅ではテレビを見て仕事をしていなかったと報告した。 undefined 在宅勤務が始まると、多くの管理職の予想どおり生産性は大きく下がった。）
- 次の英文を読んで、問いに答えなさい。 Every language has words that resist translation. Japanese speakers often mention "mottainai," a feeling of regret when something useful is wasted. English speakers point to "awkward," which describes a social discomfort that other languages spread across several words. It is tempting to conclude that people who lack a word also lack the feeling. This conclusion is almost certainly wrong. A person who has no single word for regret over waste can still feel it, and can explain it in a sentence. What the word changes is not the feeling but its availability. When an experience has a name, it is easier to notice, easier to remember, and easier to share. In other words, vocabulary does not build the walls of thought; it builds the doors. A language without a certain word leaves an experience harder to reach, not impossible to reach. This is why learning another language feels like gaining new rooms in a familiar house. The house was always that large. You simply did not have the keys. 本文の内容と合致するものはどれか。 （ア 無駄を惜しむ語を持たない人は、その感情を説明することもできない。 イ 「もったいない」は、役に立つものが無駄になるときの後悔を表す。 ウ 翻訳できない語を持つ言語は、日本語と英語だけである。 エ 筆者は、語彙が思考の壁を作ると考えている。 undefined 英語の awkward には、どの言語にもぴったり一語で対応する語がある。）
- 次の英文を読んで、問いに答えなさい。 City planners once treated trees mainly as decoration. A street with trees looked pleasant, so trees were planted where budgets allowed and removed when they got in the way of parking or wiring. In the past two decades, this view has changed. Measurements taken in several large cities show that streets shaded by mature trees can be several degrees cooler on summer afternoons than similar streets without them. In a period of rising temperatures, this difference matters for health, especially for elderly residents who cannot afford air conditioning. Trees have therefore moved from the category of beauty to the category of infrastructure, alongside drains and power lines. Yet this new status creates its own difficulty. Infrastructure is expected to work immediately, while a tree needs twenty or thirty years to provide real shade. A city that plants trees today is investing for residents who have not yet moved in, and perhaps for officials who have not yet been elected. Whether cities can make such long-term decisions is a test not of their engineering, but of their patience. 本文の内容と合致するものはどれか。 （ア 成熟した木のある通りは、夏の午後に周囲より数度暑くなる。 イ 気温の上昇は、冷房を持てる高齢者にとくに影響する。 ウ 都市計画者はかつて、木を主に装飾として扱っていた。 エ 木は昔から排水路や電線と同じ設備として扱われてきた。 undefined 木は植えてから数年で十分な日陰を作る。）
- 次の英文を読んで、問いに答えなさい。 City planners once treated trees mainly as decoration. A street with trees looked pleasant, so trees were planted where budgets allowed and removed when they got in the way of parking or wiring. In the past two decades, this view has changed. Measurements taken in several large cities show that streets shaded by mature trees can be several degrees cooler on summer afternoons than similar streets without them. In a period of rising temperatures, this difference matters for health, especially for elderly residents who cannot afford air conditioning. Trees have therefore moved from the category of beauty to the category of infrastructure, alongside drains and power lines. Yet this new status creates its own difficulty. Infrastructure is expected to work immediately, while a tree needs twenty or thirty years to provide real shade. A city that plants trees today is investing for residents who have not yet moved in, and perhaps for officials who have not yet been elected. Whether cities can make such long-term decisions is a test not of their engineering, but of their patience. この英文の主題として最も適切なものはどれか。 （ア 高齢者向けの冷房設備を整える必要性と費用 イ 街路樹の位置づけの変化と長期投資の課題 ウ 駐車場の不足が街路樹に与える悪影響 エ 都市の気温を正確に測定する方法の進歩 undefined 排水路と電線の整備が進んだ歴史）
- 次の英文を読んで、問いに答えなさい。 Many schools around the world require students to wear a uniform, and the debate about this rule never seems to end. Supporters say that uniforms reduce the pressure to buy fashionable clothes and make it harder to tell rich students from poor ones. Opponents answer that uniforms limit self-expression and that children should learn to make their own choices about how they look. Both sides usually assume that the uniform itself is what matters. A study of several secondary schools suggests a different picture. Researchers compared schools that introduced uniforms with similar schools that did not. They found little difference in test scores or attendance. What did make a difference was how the rule was introduced. In schools where students and parents were consulted before the decision, the uniform was accepted with few complaints. In schools where the rule was simply announced, the same uniform produced years of argument and quiet resistance. The lesson goes beyond clothing. When people are asked to follow a rule, they care not only about the rule itself but about whether they were treated as partners in making it. A rule that arrives as an order invites resistance; the same rule that arrives as an agreement invites cooperation. 本文の内容と合致するものはどれか。 （ア 制服の支持者は、制服が生徒の学力を高めることを主な理由として挙げている。 イ 研究者は、制服は自己表現を妨げるので廃止すべきだという結論を出した。 ウ 生徒と保護者に相談してから制服を導入した学校でも、長年にわたって反対が続いた。 エ 制服を導入した学校としなかった学校の間で、成績や出席率にはほとんど差がなかった。 undefined 制服を導入した学校は、しなかった学校に比べて成績と出席率が明らかに上がった。）
- 次の英文を読んで、問いに答えなさい。 Parents today work hard to make sure their children are never bored. Weekends are filled with lessons and sports, and any empty minute can be filled with a screen. Boredom is treated as a problem to be solved as quickly as possible. Some researchers who study creativity disagree. In one experiment, adults were asked to copy telephone numbers from a directory for fifteen minutes, a task designed to be as dull as possible. Afterwards, they were asked to think of new uses for a plastic cup. The group that had done the boring task produced more ideas, and more unusual ideas, than a group that had gone straight to the cup. The researchers' explanation is that a bored mind starts to wander, and a wandering mind makes connections it would not make when it is busy. This does not mean that children should be left with nothing to do. It means that empty time is not wasted time. A child who complains of having nothing to do is, in a sense, at the starting point of invention. The parent who immediately hands over a tablet is solving a problem that did not need to be solved, and taking away an opportunity that is hard to give back. 本文の内容と合致するものはどれか。 （ア 退屈な作業をした参加者は、疲れのために出せるアイデアの数が減った。 イ 退屈な作業をした後の参加者は、そうでない参加者より多くの、また珍しいアイデアを出した。 ウ 研究者は、子どもには習い事をさせず何もしない時間だけを与えるべきだと結論づけた。 エ 実験では、参加者が電話帳から番号を写す速さと正確さが測定された。 undefined 退屈すると心がさまようため、忙しいときと同じ結びつきしか作れなくなる。）
標準
- 次の英文を読んで、問いに答えなさい。 When companies first allowed employees to work from home, many managers expected productivity to fall. They imagined people watching television instead of answering emails. What actually happened was more complicated. Surveys taken over the following years showed that most employees completed at least as much work as before, and some completed more. However, the same surveys revealed a cost that few had predicted. Workers reported that they learned less from their colleagues. In an office, a new employee overhears how an experienced worker handles a difficult phone call, or asks a quick question across the desk. At home, these small moments disappear. The work that can be measured continued, while the learning that cannot be measured quietly declined. This suggests that the debate about remote work has been asking the wrong question. The issue is not whether people work hard at home; most of them do. The issue is how organizations pass on knowledge that was never written down. Companies that solve this problem will be able to offer flexibility without losing the skills of the next generation. 筆者が「ほとんど誰も予測しなかった代償（a cost that few had predicted）」として挙げているものはどれか。 （ア 通信費や光熱費が家庭の負担になったこと。 イ 管理職が部下を監督できなくなったこと。 ウ 測定できる仕事の量が減ったこと。 エ 従業員が同僚から学ぶことが減ったこと。 undefined メールへの返信が遅くなったこと。）
- 次の英文を読んで、問いに答えなさい。 When companies first allowed employees to work from home, many managers expected productivity to fall. They imagined people watching television instead of answering emails. What actually happened was more complicated. Surveys taken over the following years showed that most employees completed at least as much work as before, and some completed more. However, the same surveys revealed a cost that few had predicted. Workers reported that they learned less from their colleagues. In an office, a new employee overhears how an experienced worker handles a difficult phone call, or asks a quick question across the desk. At home, these small moments disappear. The work that can be measured continued, while the learning that cannot be measured quietly declined. This suggests that the debate about remote work has been asking the wrong question. The issue is not whether people work hard at home; most of them do. The issue is how organizations pass on knowledge that was never written down. Companies that solve this problem will be able to offer flexibility without losing the skills of the next generation. 第 1 段落の However の働きとして最も妥当なものはどれか。 （ア 在宅勤務の利点をさらに追加して列挙している。 イ 管理職の予想が結局は正しかったことを示す方向へ話を進めている。 ウ 調査の方法そのものに問題があったことを指摘する導入になっている。 エ 仕事量は保たれたという結果から、隠れた損失へ話を転じている。 undefined 第 2 段落の結論を先取りして要約している。）
- 次の英文を読んで、問いに答えなさい。 Every language has words that resist translation. Japanese speakers often mention "mottainai," a feeling of regret when something useful is wasted. English speakers point to "awkward," which describes a social discomfort that other languages spread across several words. It is tempting to conclude that people who lack a word also lack the feeling. This conclusion is almost certainly wrong. A person who has no single word for regret over waste can still feel it, and can explain it in a sentence. What the word changes is not the feeling but its availability. When an experience has a name, it is easier to notice, easier to remember, and easier to share. In other words, vocabulary does not build the walls of thought; it builds the doors. A language without a certain word leaves an experience harder to reach, not impossible to reach. This is why learning another language feels like gaining new rooms in a familiar house. The house was always that large. You simply did not have the keys. 「語を持たない人はその感情も持たない」という結論について、筆者はどう述べているか。 （ア 日本語についてのみ当てはまる。 イ 言語学の研究によって証明されている。 ウ 魅力的だが、ほぼ確実に誤りである。 エ 感情の種類によっては正しい。 undefined 翻訳者の間では常識となっている。）
- 次の英文を読んで、問いに答えなさい。 Every language has words that resist translation. Japanese speakers often mention "mottainai," a feeling of regret when something useful is wasted. English speakers point to "awkward," which describes a social discomfort that other languages spread across several words. It is tempting to conclude that people who lack a word also lack the feeling. This conclusion is almost certainly wrong. A person who has no single word for regret over waste can still feel it, and can explain it in a sentence. What the word changes is not the feeling but its availability. When an experience has a name, it is easier to notice, easier to remember, and easier to share. In other words, vocabulary does not build the walls of thought; it builds the doors. A language without a certain word leaves an experience harder to reach, not impossible to reach. This is why learning another language feels like gaining new rooms in a familiar house. The house was always that large. You simply did not have the keys. 「家（house）」のたとえで筆者が言おうとしていることはどれか。 （ア 別の言語を学ぶと、人の心の容量そのものが以前より大きくなる。 イ 言語を学んでも家の広さは変わらないので、学ぶことにはあまり意味がない。 ウ 別の言語を学ぶことは、もとからあった経験に届く鍵を得ることである。 エ 外国語の部屋に入ると、母語の部屋には戻れなくなる。 undefined 母語は狭い家のようなもので、外国語のほうが広い世界を持っている。）
- 次の英文を読んで、問いに答えなさい。 City planners once treated trees mainly as decoration. A street with trees looked pleasant, so trees were planted where budgets allowed and removed when they got in the way of parking or wiring. In the past two decades, this view has changed. Measurements taken in several large cities show that streets shaded by mature trees can be several degrees cooler on summer afternoons than similar streets without them. In a period of rising temperatures, this difference matters for health, especially for elderly residents who cannot afford air conditioning. Trees have therefore moved from the category of beauty to the category of infrastructure, alongside drains and power lines. Yet this new status creates its own difficulty. Infrastructure is expected to work immediately, while a tree needs twenty or thirty years to provide real shade. A city that plants trees today is investing for residents who have not yet moved in, and perhaps for officials who have not yet been elected. Whether cities can make such long-term decisions is a test not of their engineering, but of their patience. 筆者が木を「インフラ（infrastructure）」の分類に移ったと述べる理由として最も妥当なものはどれか。 （ア 木が駐車場や配線の邪魔にならなくなったから。 イ 木を植えることが近年になって法律で義務づけられたから。 ウ 木が街の景観を美しくし、多くの観光客を呼び込むから。 エ 木陰が夏の通りを涼しくし、住民の健康に関わるから。 undefined 木の手入れに排水路や電線と同じ予算がかかるから。）
- 次の英文を読んで、問いに答えなさい。 City planners once treated trees mainly as decoration. A street with trees looked pleasant, so trees were planted where budgets allowed and removed when they got in the way of parking or wiring. In the past two decades, this view has changed. Measurements taken in several large cities show that streets shaded by mature trees can be several degrees cooler on summer afternoons than similar streets without them. In a period of rising temperatures, this difference matters for health, especially for elderly residents who cannot afford air conditioning. Trees have therefore moved from the category of beauty to the category of infrastructure, alongside drains and power lines. Yet this new status creates its own difficulty. Infrastructure is expected to work immediately, while a tree needs twenty or thirty years to provide real shade. A city that plants trees today is investing for residents who have not yet moved in, and perhaps for officials who have not yet been elected. Whether cities can make such long-term decisions is a test not of their engineering, but of their patience. Yet の後で述べられている「困難（difficulty）」の内容として最も妥当なものはどれか。 （ア 気温の測定方法が都市ごとに異なり、正確な比較が難しいこと。 イ 住民が木の重要性を理解せず、日当たりのために伐採を求めること。 ウ 木を植える費用を、まだ住んでいない住民から集められないこと。 エ インフラは即座の働きを求められるが、木は日陰まで何十年もかかること。 undefined 木の数が増えすぎて、排水路や電線の工事のたびに大きな邪魔になること。）
- 次の英文を読んで、問いに答えなさい。 Many schools around the world require students to wear a uniform, and the debate about this rule never seems to end. Supporters say that uniforms reduce the pressure to buy fashionable clothes and make it harder to tell rich students from poor ones. Opponents answer that uniforms limit self-expression and that children should learn to make their own choices about how they look. Both sides usually assume that the uniform itself is what matters. A study of several secondary schools suggests a different picture. Researchers compared schools that introduced uniforms with similar schools that did not. They found little difference in test scores or attendance. What did make a difference was how the rule was introduced. In schools where students and parents were consulted before the decision, the uniform was accepted with few complaints. In schools where the rule was simply announced, the same uniform produced years of argument and quiet resistance. The lesson goes beyond clothing. When people are asked to follow a rule, they care not only about the rule itself but about whether they were treated as partners in making it. A rule that arrives as an order invites resistance; the same rule that arrives as an agreement invites cooperation. 最終段落で筆者が述べていることとして最も妥当なものはどれか。 （ア 制服の規則は、ほかの規則と違って生徒の同意なしに決めても差し支えない。 イ 規則の中身さえ正しければ、どのように導入されても結果は変わらない。 ウ 人は規則の中身だけでなく、その規則を作る過程で対等に扱われたかどうかも気にかける。 エ 学校は保護者に相談すると決定が遅れるので、まず規則を発表してから説明すべきである。 undefined 規則は命令として示したほうが、合意を求めるよりも速く受け入れられる。）
- 次の英文を読んで、問いに答えなさい。 Small towns often dream of becoming tourist destinations. A beautiful view, an old temple, or a local dish can attract visitors, and visitors bring money. For a town whose young people are leaving, tourism looks like an easy answer. The experience of one mountain village shows that the answer is not so simple. After a television programme featured its autumn colours, the number of visitors increased ten times within two years. Restaurants opened, and houses were turned into guest rooms. At first, residents were pleased. Then the problems appeared. Traffic blocked the only road through the village, and residents could not get to the hospital in the next town. Rents rose because owners preferred short-term guests to long-term tenants, and some young families who had planned to stay moved away. The very people tourism was meant to keep in the village were pushed out by it. The village did not give up on tourism. Instead, it limited the number of tour buses, kept part of its housing for residents, and asked visitors to pay a small fee that was spent on local services. Visitor numbers fell by about a third, but the residents stayed. The village learned that the question is not how many visitors it can attract, but how many it can welcome without losing itself. 本文の内容と合致するものはどれか。 （ア 村は交通渋滞と家賃の上昇に耐えられず、観光客の受け入れを完全にやめてしまった。 イ 観光客が増えたことで若い家族の定住が進み、村の人口は二年で十倍になった。 ウ 家主が長期の借り手より短期の宿泊客を好んだため家賃が上がり、村を出た若い家族もいた。 エ テレビ番組で村の古い寺が紹介されたことがきっかけで、観光客が急に増えた。 undefined 観光バスの台数を制限した結果、観光客は三分の一に減ったが村の収入は以前より増えた。）
- 次の英文を読んで、問いに答えなさい。 Parents today work hard to make sure their children are never bored. Weekends are filled with lessons and sports, and any empty minute can be filled with a screen. Boredom is treated as a problem to be solved as quickly as possible. Some researchers who study creativity disagree. In one experiment, adults were asked to copy telephone numbers from a directory for fifteen minutes, a task designed to be as dull as possible. Afterwards, they were asked to think of new uses for a plastic cup. The group that had done the boring task produced more ideas, and more unusual ideas, than a group that had gone straight to the cup. The researchers' explanation is that a bored mind starts to wander, and a wandering mind makes connections it would not make when it is busy. This does not mean that children should be left with nothing to do. It means that empty time is not wasted time. A child who complains of having nothing to do is, in a sense, at the starting point of invention. The parent who immediately hands over a tablet is solving a problem that did not need to be solved, and taking away an opportunity that is hard to give back. 最終文の taking away an opportunity that is hard to give back の意味として最も妥当なものはどれか。 （ア 子どもに与えた時間は取り戻せないので、親は空いた時間を計画的に埋めるべきだということ。 イ タブレットを一度子どもに渡すと、子どもはそれを親に返そうとしなくなるということ。 ウ 子どもが退屈を訴えたときに、親が別の習い事を用意する機会を逃してしまうということ。 エ 退屈から発想が生まれる機会を親が奪ってしまい、その機会は後から与え直しにくいということ。 undefined 親が子どもの問題をいつも解決してやると、子どもは親に頼りきりになるということ。）
発展
- 次の英文を読んで、問いに答えなさい。 When companies first allowed employees to work from home, many managers expected productivity to fall. They imagined people watching television instead of answering emails. What actually happened was more complicated. Surveys taken over the following years showed that most employees completed at least as much work as before, and some completed more. However, the same surveys revealed a cost that few had predicted. Workers reported that they learned less from their colleagues. In an office, a new employee overhears how an experienced worker handles a difficult phone call, or asks a quick question across the desk. At home, these small moments disappear. The work that can be measured continued, while the learning that cannot be measured quietly declined. This suggests that the debate about remote work has been asking the wrong question. The issue is not whether people work hard at home; most of them do. The issue is how organizations pass on knowledge that was never written down. Companies that solve this problem will be able to offer flexibility without losing the skills of the next generation. 筆者の主張として最も妥当なものはどれか。 （ア 測定できない学びは重要でないので、企業は測定できる成果に集中すべきである。 イ 経験豊かな社員は、電話対応の手順をすべて文書にまとめるべきである。 ウ 問うべきは在宅で働くかではなく、文書化されていない知識をどう伝えるかである。 エ 在宅勤務では人はどうしても怠けがちになるので、全員に出社を義務づけるべきである。 undefined 次の世代の技能を守るためには、在宅勤務という制度を全面的に廃止するほかない。）
- 次の英文を読んで、問いに答えなさい。 Every language has words that resist translation. Japanese speakers often mention "mottainai," a feeling of regret when something useful is wasted. English speakers point to "awkward," which describes a social discomfort that other languages spread across several words. It is tempting to conclude that people who lack a word also lack the feeling. This conclusion is almost certainly wrong. A person who has no single word for regret over waste can still feel it, and can explain it in a sentence. What the word changes is not the feeling but its availability. When an experience has a name, it is easier to notice, easier to remember, and easier to share. In other words, vocabulary does not build the walls of thought; it builds the doors. A language without a certain word leaves an experience harder to reach, not impossible to reach. This is why learning another language feels like gaining new rooms in a familiar house. The house was always that large. You simply did not have the keys. vocabulary does not build the walls of thought; it builds the doors の意味として最も妥当なものはどれか。 （ア 語彙は思考の限界を決めるのではなく、経験に届くための入口を作るということ。 イ 語彙は建物のように積み上げるものであり、土台となる母語が大切だということ。 ウ 語彙は思考を閉じ込めるものであり、語を学ぶほど考える自由が失われるということ。 エ 語彙が豊かな人ほど、他人の思考の中に自由に立ち入ることができるということ。 undefined 語彙が少ない言語の話者は、限られた範囲でしか物事を考えられないということ。）
- 次の英文を読んで、問いに答えなさい。 City planners once treated trees mainly as decoration. A street with trees looked pleasant, so trees were planted where budgets allowed and removed when they got in the way of parking or wiring. In the past two decades, this view has changed. Measurements taken in several large cities show that streets shaded by mature trees can be several degrees cooler on summer afternoons than similar streets without them. In a period of rising temperatures, this difference matters for health, especially for elderly residents who cannot afford air conditioning. Trees have therefore moved from the category of beauty to the category of infrastructure, alongside drains and power lines. Yet this new status creates its own difficulty. Infrastructure is expected to work immediately, while a tree needs twenty or thirty years to provide real shade. A city that plants trees today is investing for residents who have not yet moved in, and perhaps for officials who have not yet been elected. Whether cities can make such long-term decisions is a test not of their engineering, but of their patience. 最終文 a test not of their engineering, but of their patience の意味として最も妥当なものはどれか。 （ア 都市は木を植えるより先に、技術的な課題を解決すべきである。 イ 都市に問われるのは、木をできるだけ早く大きく育てる技術である。 ウ 都市の技術者は、住民の忍耐に頼らずに自力で問題を解決すべきである。 エ 都市に問われるのは、成果が遠い将来に出る決断をする忍耐である。 undefined 都市の忍耐は、いずれ技術の進歩によってまったく不要になる。）
- 次の英文を読んで、問いに答えなさい。 Small towns often dream of becoming tourist destinations. A beautiful view, an old temple, or a local dish can attract visitors, and visitors bring money. For a town whose young people are leaving, tourism looks like an easy answer. The experience of one mountain village shows that the answer is not so simple. After a television programme featured its autumn colours, the number of visitors increased ten times within two years. Restaurants opened, and houses were turned into guest rooms. At first, residents were pleased. Then the problems appeared. Traffic blocked the only road through the village, and residents could not get to the hospital in the next town. Rents rose because owners preferred short-term guests to long-term tenants, and some young families who had planned to stay moved away. The very people tourism was meant to keep in the village were pushed out by it. The village did not give up on tourism. Instead, it limited the number of tour buses, kept part of its housing for residents, and asked visitors to pay a small fee that was spent on local services. Visitor numbers fell by about a third, but the residents stayed. The village learned that the question is not how many visitors it can attract, but how many it can welcome without losing itself. 最終文 the question is not how many visitors it can attract, but how many it can welcome without losing itself の意味として最も妥当なものはどれか。 （ア 村の魅力を失わないためには、観光客に村の文化を学んでもらう必要があるということ。 イ 観光客の数をできるだけ増やすことが、村の暮らしを守るためのいちばん確かな方法だということ。 ウ 観光客を集めるより、村を出て行った若い人を呼び戻すことを優先すべきだということ。 エ 観光客を歓迎する気持ちが村の側にあれば、人数の上限を設ける必要はないということ。 undefined 問うべきは何人集められるかではなく、村が村であり続けられる範囲で何人迎えられるかだということ。）
英文の内容把握（主張・具体例・逆接） ── 解答
基礎
- ウ 調査では、大半の従業員が以前と同じかそれ以上の仕事をこなしていた。 第 1 段落 most employees completed at least as much work as before, and some completed more と一致。「生産性は大きく下がった」は expected to fall（予想）であって実際は違う。「テレビを見て」は管理職の想像 They imagined。「新人から学ぶ」は方向が逆（新人が経験者から学ぶ）。「取りやめる」は本文にない。
- イ 「もったいない」は、役に立つものが無駄になるときの後悔を表す。 a feeling of regret when something useful is wasted と一致。awkward は other languages spread across several words（他言語では複数の語に分かれる）なので「一語で対応」は逆。「日本語と英語だけ」は Every language has words と食い違う。「説明することもできない」は can explain it in a sentence の逆。「壁を作る」は does not build the walls の逆。
- ウ 都市計画者はかつて、木を主に装飾として扱っていた。 City planners once treated trees mainly as decoration と一致。「昔から設備として」は逆（近年そう変わった）。「数度暑くなる」は cooler の逆。「冷房を持てる」は cannot afford の逆。「数年で」は twenty or thirty years と食い違う。
- イ 街路樹の位置づけの変化と長期投資の課題 第 1 段落が「装飾からインフラへ」の変化、第 2 段落が「長い年月を要する投資」の問題。「冷房」「排水路」「測定方法」「駐車場」はいずれも本文中の一部の語を取り出しただけで主題ではない。
- エ 制服を導入した学校としなかった学校の間で、成績や出席率にはほとんど差がなかった。 第 2 段落 They found little difference in test scores or attendance と一致。「明らかに上がった」はその逆。「廃止すべき」という結論は本文にない（研究は導入の仕方の違いを示しただけ）。「相談してから導入した学校でも反対が続いた」は accepted with few complaints の逆で、反対が続いたのは simply announced の学校。支持者の理由は fashionable clothes への圧力と貧富の差で、学力ではない。
- イ 退屈な作業をした後の参加者は、そうでない参加者より多くの、また珍しいアイデアを出した。 The group that had done the boring task produced more ideas, and more unusual ideas, than a group that had gone straight to the cup と一致。「数が減った」は逆。「何もしない時間だけ」は This does not mean that children should be left with nothing to do の逆。測定されたのはコップの新しい使い道のアイデアで、写す速さではない。「同じ結びつきしか」は makes connections it would not make when it is busy の逆。
標準
- エ 従業員が同僚から学ぶことが減ったこと。 直後の Workers reported that they learned less from their colleagues が内容。「仕事の量が減った」は The work that can be measured continued と逆。「通信費」「返信が遅く」「監督」は本文にない。
- エ 仕事量は保たれたという結果から、隠れた損失へ話を転じている。 However の前は「仕事量は保たれた」、後は「学びが減った」という代償。良い結果から隠れた損失へ転じる逆接。「予想が正しかった」は逆（予想は外れた）。「調査の方法」「利点の追加」「結論の要約」はいずれも However の後の内容ではない。
- ウ 魅力的だが、ほぼ確実に誤りである。 It is tempting to conclude...（結論したくなる＝魅力的）に続けて This conclusion is almost certainly wrong。「証明されている」「常識」は逆。「日本語についてのみ」「種類によっては」は本文にない限定。
- ウ 別の言語を学ぶことは、もとからあった経験に届く鍵を得ることである。 The house was always that large. You simply did not have the keys. ＝ 家（経験の範囲）は最初から大きく、鍵（語）がなかっただけ。「容量そのものが大きくなる」は always that large と逆。「母語は狭い」「外国語のほうが広い」は言語の優劣を言っていない。「意味がない」「戻れなくなる」は本文にない。
- エ 木陰が夏の通りを涼しくし、住民の健康に関わるから。 several degrees cooler → this difference matters for health → Trees have therefore moved to the category of infrastructure という流れ。「景観」は decoration の側で、筆者は変化前の見方として述べている。「予算」「法律」は本文にない。「邪魔にならなくなった」は本文にない。
- エ インフラは即座の働きを求められるが、木は日陰まで何十年もかかること。 Infrastructure is expected to work immediately, while a tree needs twenty or thirty years と一致。「工事の邪魔」は変化前の扱いの話。「住民が理解せず」「測定が異なる」は本文にない。「費用を集められない」は investing for residents who have not yet moved in を誤って読んだもの（本文は投資の受益者の話）。
- ウ 人は規則の中身だけでなく、その規則を作る過程で対等に扱われたかどうかも気にかける。 they care not only about the rule itself but about whether they were treated as partners in making it が根拠。「命令のほうが速く受け入れられる」は A rule that arrives as an order invites resistance の逆。「同意なしに決めてよい」「まず発表してから」は本文の趣旨と逆。「どのように導入されても変わらない」は第 2 段落 What did make a difference was how the rule was introduced の逆。
- ウ 家主が長期の借り手より短期の宿泊客を好んだため家賃が上がり、村を出た若い家族もいた。 Rents rose because owners preferred short-term guests to long-term tenants, and some young families ... moved away と一致。「定住が進み」は moved away の逆で、十倍になったのは人口ではなく visitors。「完全にやめた」は did not give up on tourism の逆。「三分の一に減った」は fell by about a third（約三分の一だけ減った）の読み違いで、収入の増減は本文にない。番組で紹介されたのは autumn colours（紅葉）で寺ではない。
- エ 退屈から発想が生まれる機会を親が奪ってしまい、その機会は後から与え直しにくいということ。 opportunity は直前の文 at the starting point of invention（発明の出発点）を指し、タブレットを渡すことでその機会を奪う（taking away）という意味。give back は「返す」ではなく機会を「与え直す」こと。「返そうとしなくなる」は give back の誤読。「習い事を用意する」「計画的に埋める」は第 1 段落の親の態度で、筆者が距離を置く側。「頼りきりになる」は本文にない。
発展
- ウ 問うべきは在宅で働くかではなく、文書化されていない知識をどう伝えるかである。 第 2 段落 The issue is not whether people work hard at home... The issue is how organizations pass on knowledge that was never written down。「怠けがち」は most of them do（働いている）と逆。「重要でない」は quietly declined を問題視する筆者と逆。「全面的に廃止」は offer flexibility without losing と矛盾。「すべて文書に」は本文にない。
- ア 語彙は思考の限界を決めるのではなく、経験に届くための入口を作るということ。 直前の easier to notice, easier to remember, and easier to share と直後の harder to reach, not impossible to reach から、語は「届きやすさ」を変えるだけで思考の範囲（壁）を決めないという意味。「閉じ込める」「限られた範囲でしか」は壁の比喩で、本文が否定した側。「他人の思考に立ち入る」「土台となる母語」は本文にない。
- エ 都市に問われるのは、成果が遠い将来に出る決断をする忍耐である。 直前の investing for residents who have not yet moved in... officials who have not yet been elected から、成果が自分の任期や世代の外に出る決断ができるかが問われている。「早く育てる技術」「技術的な課題を先に」は not of their engineering と逆。「住民の忍耐に頼らず」「技術で不要になる」は本文にない。
- undefined 問うべきは何人集められるかではなく、村が村であり続けられる範囲で何人迎えられるかだということ。 not A but B の形で、A（何人集められるか）を退け B（自分を失わずに何人迎えられるか）を問いとしている。without losing itself は第 2 段落で住民が押し出された経験を受けた表現。「若い人を呼び戻す」「文化を学んでもらう」は本文にない。「できるだけ増やす」「上限を設ける必要はない」は、村がバスの台数を制限した第 3 段落と逆。
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