英文の空欄補充と整序 ── 問題
基礎
- 次の英文を読んで、問いに答えなさい。 Sociologists use the term "third place" for somewhere that is neither home nor work: a cafe, a park, a barbershop, a public library. Such places used to be taken for granted. （ A ）, in many towns they have quietly disappeared. Small shops have closed, and the people who once met there now meet nowhere at all. Libraries are an interesting exception. They were designed for books, and for a while it seemed that the internet would make them unnecessary. （ B ）, the opposite has happened. Visitors still come, but fewer of them come to borrow a book. They come to study, to use a computer, to escape the heat, or simply to sit among other people without having to buy anything. This last point matters more than it sounds. Almost every other place where we can spend time now asks us to pay: a coffee, a ticket, a membership. A library is one of the few remaining rooms in a city where a person can stay for hours and owe nothing. So when a town debates whether it can afford its library, the question is being asked the wrong way around. The real question is what the town would lose without a place that （ C ）. That is not a cost. It is a bargain. 空欄 A・B に入る語の組み合わせとして最も妥当なものはどれか。 （ア A：However B：Instead イ A：For example B：Instead ウ A：Therefore B：However エ A：In addition B：In other words undefined A：However B：Therefore）
- 次の英文を読んで、問いに答えなさい。 Most of us have had the experience of being introduced to someone and forgetting their name within a minute. We tend to blame our memory. （ A ）, the problem usually begins earlier, at the moment of hearing. When someone says their name, we are busy deciding what to say next, how we look, and whether we should shake hands. The name arrives while our attention is somewhere else, and what is not attended to is not stored. This explains why we remember names from novels more easily than names from parties. A character's name is repeated, attached to actions, and read at our own pace. （ B ）, a stranger's name is heard once, in noise, while we are performing. The practical lesson is simple. Repeat the name aloud as soon as you hear it: "Nice to meet you, Ken." Use it once more before the conversation ends. Attach it to something you can picture, such as the person's job or the reason they are here. None of this requires a good memory. It requires only that the name be （ C ） rather than merely heard. 空欄 A・B に入る語の組み合わせとして最も妥当なものはどれか。 （ア A：Otherwise B：By contrast イ A：In fact B：Similarly ウ A：For example B：By contrast エ A：In fact B：By contrast undefined A：As a result B：In addition）
- 次の英文を読んで、問いに答えなさい。 When a household appliance breaks today, the usual response is to buy a new one. Repair shops have become rare, spare parts are hard to find, and the cost of an hour of skilled labour is often close to the price of a replacement. （ A ）, throwing things away has become the rational choice for an individual, even when it is a poor choice for everyone. Some cities have started to change this arithmetic. They host "repair cafes," where volunteers help people fix toasters, bicycles, and clothes for free. A few countries have gone further and now require manufacturers to keep spare parts available for years after a product is sold. （ B ）, a broken machine is no longer automatically a dead one. The interesting effect is not only environmental. People who repair something once tend to look at their other possessions differently. An object that has been opened and understood is harder to （ C ）. Repair, in other words, changes the owner as much as the object. 空欄 A・B に入る語の組み合わせとして最も妥当なものはどれか。 （ア A：For instance B：In addition イ A：Otherwise B：Meanwhile ウ A：In short B：Nevertheless エ A：In short B：As a result undefined A：However B：As a result）
- 次の英文の（ ）に入る語句として最も妥当なものはどれか。 It rained all night. （ ）, the match was cancelled. （ア In addition イ In other words ウ For example エ As a result undefined Otherwise）
標準
- 次の英文を読んで、問いに答えなさい。 Sociologists use the term "third place" for somewhere that is neither home nor work: a cafe, a park, a barbershop, a public library. Such places used to be taken for granted. （ A ）, in many towns they have quietly disappeared. Small shops have closed, and the people who once met there now meet nowhere at all. Libraries are an interesting exception. They were designed for books, and for a while it seemed that the internet would make them unnecessary. （ B ）, the opposite has happened. Visitors still come, but fewer of them come to borrow a book. They come to study, to use a computer, to escape the heat, or simply to sit among other people without having to buy anything. This last point matters more than it sounds. Almost every other place where we can spend time now asks us to pay: a coffee, a ticket, a membership. A library is one of the few remaining rooms in a city where a person can stay for hours and owe nothing. So when a town debates whether it can afford its library, the question is being asked the wrong way around. The real question is what the town would lose without a place that （ C ）. That is not a cost. It is a bargain. 空欄 C に入る語句として最も妥当なものはどれか。 （ア keeps its doors open only during the day イ belongs to the people who work there ウ charges a small fee for every visit エ asks nothing of the people who enter it undefined sells more books than any shop in town）
- 次の英文を読んで、問いに答えなさい。 Sociologists use the term "third place" for somewhere that is neither home nor work: a cafe, a park, a barbershop, a public library. Such places used to be taken for granted. However, in many towns they have quietly disappeared. Small shops have closed, and the people who once met there now meet nowhere at all. Libraries are an interesting exception. They were designed for books, and for a while it seemed that the internet would make them unnecessary. Instead, the opposite has happened. Visitors still come, but fewer of them come to borrow a book. They come to study, to use a computer, to escape the heat, or simply to sit among other people without having to buy anything. 【 ① 】 This last point matters more than it sounds. Almost every other place where we can spend time now asks us to pay: a coffee, a ticket, a membership. 【 ② 】 A library is one of the few remaining rooms in a city where a person can stay for hours and owe nothing. 【 ③ 】 So when a town debates whether it can afford its library, the question is being asked the wrong way around. The real question is what the town would lose without a place that asks nothing of the people who enter it. That is not a cost. It is a bargain. 【 ④ 】 次の一文が入る位置として最も妥当なものはどれか。 「In that sense, the library has become less a warehouse of books than a room that belongs to everyone.」 （ア ① イ ② ウ ④ エ ③ undefined この文はどこにも入らない）
- 次の英文を読んで、問いに答えなさい。 Most of us have had the experience of being introduced to someone and forgetting their name within a minute. We tend to blame our memory. （ A ）, the problem usually begins earlier, at the moment of hearing. When someone says their name, we are busy deciding what to say next, how we look, and whether we should shake hands. The name arrives while our attention is somewhere else, and what is not attended to is not stored. This explains why we remember names from novels more easily than names from parties. A character's name is repeated, attached to actions, and read at our own pace. （ B ）, a stranger's name is heard once, in noise, while we are performing. The practical lesson is simple. Repeat the name aloud as soon as you hear it: "Nice to meet you, Ken." Use it once more before the conversation ends. Attach it to something you can picture, such as the person's job or the reason they are here. None of this requires a good memory. It requires only that the name be （ C ） rather than merely heard. 空欄 C に入る語句として最も妥当なものはどれか。 （ア forgotten as quickly as possible イ given a moment of attention ウ written down in a notebook エ heard several times from the speaker undefined shortened to an easy nickname）
- 次の英文を読んで、問いに答えなさい。 When a household appliance breaks today, the usual response is to buy a new one. Repair shops have become rare, spare parts are hard to find, and the cost of an hour of skilled labour is often close to the price of a replacement. （ A ）, throwing things away has become the rational choice for an individual, even when it is a poor choice for everyone. Some cities have started to change this arithmetic. They host "repair cafes," where volunteers help people fix toasters, bicycles, and clothes for free. A few countries have gone further and now require manufacturers to keep spare parts available for years after a product is sold. （ B ）, a broken machine is no longer automatically a dead one. The interesting effect is not only environmental. People who repair something once tend to look at their other possessions differently. An object that has been opened and understood is harder to （ C ）. Repair, in other words, changes the owner as much as the object. 空欄 C に入る語句として最も妥当なものはどれか。 （ア repair a second time by yourself イ sell to a stranger at a fair price ウ lend to a neighbour for a week エ throw away without a second thought undefined describe accurately to another person）
- 次のア〜オの英文を意味が通るように並べかえたものとして最も妥当なものはどれか。 ア Recently, however, many cities have begun to reverse this order. イ The lesson is that the shape of a street is a decision, not a fact of nature. ウ For decades, city streets were designed with one user in mind: the car. エ They take a lane away from cars and give it to bicycles, and traffic, surprisingly, does not collapse. オ Bicycles were allowed, but only in the space that cars did not need. （ア ウ→オ→ア→エ→イ イ ア→ウ→オ→エ→イ ウ ウ→ア→オ→エ→イ エ オ→ウ→ア→イ→エ undefined ウ→オ→エ→ア→イ）
- 次の英文の（ ）に入る語句として最も妥当なものはどれか。 The report was late and full of errors. （ ）, it was almost useless. （ア In short イ Meanwhile ウ Nevertheless エ Instead undefined Otherwise）
- 次の A〜C の英文を意味が通るように並べかえたものとして最も妥当なものはどれか。 A Sleep is not lost time. B One example of such work is sorting and storing memories. C The brain uses it to do work it cannot do while we are awake. （ア B→A→C イ A→B→C ウ B→C→A エ C→A→B undefined A→C→B）
発展
- 次の英文を読んで、問いに答えなさい。 Most of us have had the experience of being introduced to someone and forgetting their name within a minute. We tend to blame our memory. In fact, the problem usually begins earlier, at the moment of hearing. 【 ① 】 When someone says their name, we are busy deciding what to say next, how we look, and whether we should shake hands. 【 ② 】 This explains why we remember names from novels more easily than names from parties. A character's name is repeated, attached to actions, and read at our own pace. 【 ③ 】 By contrast, a stranger's name is heard once, in noise, while we are performing. 【 ④ 】 The practical lesson is simple. Repeat the name aloud as soon as you hear it: "Nice to meet you, Ken." Use it once more before the conversation ends. Attach it to something you can picture, such as the person's job or the reason they are here. None of this requires a good memory. It requires only that the name be given a moment of attention rather than merely heard. 次の一文が入る位置として最も妥当なものはどれか。 「The name arrives while our attention is somewhere else, and what is not attended to is not stored.」 （ア ① イ ④ ウ ② エ この文はどこにも入らない undefined ③）
- 次のア〜オの英文を意味が通るように並べかえたものとして最も妥当なものはどれか。 ア The reason is that they could not keep up, and so they had to decide what mattered and put it in their own words. イ Students who type their notes usually write down more words than students who use a pen. ウ The slowness that looked like a weakness was doing the work of understanding. エ It would seem, then, that typing is the better method. オ Yet in several studies, the pen users remembered the material better a week later. （ア エ→イ→オ→ウ→ア イ イ→オ→エ→ア→ウ ウ イ→エ→ア→オ→ウ エ イ→エ→オ→ア→ウ undefined オ→イ→エ→ア→ウ）
- 次のア〜オの英文を意味が通るように並べかえたものとして最も妥当なものはどれか。 ア It names what was done, accepts that it caused harm, and stops. イ "I am sorry, but you also…" turns an apology into an argument, and the listener hears only the second half. ウ If an explanation is really needed, it can wait for another conversation. エ A good apology is shorter than most people think. オ The trouble begins with the word "but." （ア ア→エ→オ→イ→ウ イ オ→イ→エ→ア→ウ ウ エ→オ→イ→ア→ウ エ エ→ア→オ→イ→ウ undefined エ→ア→イ→オ→ウ）
英文の空欄補充と整序 ── 解答
基礎
- ア A：However B：Instead A は「当たり前だと思われていた（taken for granted）」→「消えてしまった（disappeared）」と反対の展開なので逆接の However。B は「図書館は不要になると思われた（unnecessary）」に対して「逆のことが起きた（the opposite has happened）」なので、予想の代わりに別のことが起きたことを示す Instead。B に Therefore を入れると「不要になると思われた。だから逆のことが起きた」となり因果が通らない。A の For example・In addition は前の文の例や追加ではないので合わない。
- エ A：In fact B：By contrast A の前は「記憶力のせいにしがちだ（blame our memory）」、後ろは「問題はもっと前、聞く瞬間に始まる」で、思い込みに対して実際はこうだと訂正しているので In fact。B は小説の登場人物の名前（繰り返される・自分のペースで読む）と初対面の人の名前（一度だけ・騒がしい中で）を反対の側として並べているので By contrast。Similarly（同様に）は逆。For example・As a result・Otherwise は A の前後の関係（訂正）に合わない。
- エ A：In short B：As a result A の前は「修理店が減った・部品がない・工賃が高い」という 3 つの事情、後ろは「捨てるのが合理的な選択になった」というそのまとめなので In short（要するに）。B の前は修理カフェや部品供給の義務づけという取り組み、後ろは「壊れた機械がもう自動的に死んだものではなくなった」というその結果なので As a result。B に Nevertheless を入れると取り組みと結果が逆接でつながり意味が通らない。A の However は前後が反対の内容ではないので合わない。
- エ As a result 前の「一晩中雨」が原因、後ろの「試合中止」が結果なので As a result。
標準
- エ asks nothing of the people who enter it C の直前の段落で図書館は「何時間いても何も支払わなくてよい（owe nothing）」「何も買わずに座っていられる（without having to buy anything）」場所だと説明されている。空欄はその言いかえなので「入る人に何も求めない」が入る。「料金を取る（charges a fee）」は逆。「本を売る」「昼だけ開く」「職員のもの」は本文が述べていない無関係な内容。
- エ ③ 入れる一文は In that sense（その意味で）で始まり、直前に「誰のものでもある部屋」と言える根拠が必要。③ の直前「何時間いても何も支払わなくてよい数少ない部屋（owe nothing）」がその根拠で、直後の So when a town debates… はこの一文を受けて結論に進む。① に入れると次の段落の This last point（「何も買わずに」という点）が指すものがずれる。② では「ほかの場所は支払いを求める」と「図書館は支払いがいらない」の対比の間に割り込んで流れが切れる。④ は That is not a cost. It is a bargain. という締めの後で、文章の結びを壊す。
- イ given a moment of attention 第 1 段落の「注意が向いていないものは記憶に残らない（what is not attended to is not stored）」と、空欄の直後の rather than merely heard（ただ聞くだけでなく）が対になる。したがって「一瞬でも注意を向けられる」が入る。「書き留める」「あだ名にする」は本文の助言にない。「話し手から何度も聞く」は、繰り返すのは自分（Repeat the name aloud）なので主体が違う。「忘れる」は逆。
- エ throw away without a second thought 第 1 段落で「捨てること（throwing things away）」が今の当たり前の選択だと述べ、第 3 段落では修理を経験した人が持ち物を違う目で見るようになると述べている。空欄は「開けて中身を理解した物は〜しにくい」で、直後の「修理は物と同じくらい持ち主を変える」につながるので「深く考えずに捨てる」が入る。「もう一度修理する」は理解した物ならむしろしやすいので逆。「売る」「貸す」「説明する」は本文が述べていない。
- ア ウ→オ→ア→エ→イ however を含むアと、They（都市）で始まるエは先頭に来ない。過去の状況を述べるウが先頭で、オの「自転車は車が使わない場所だけ」がその補足。アの this order（この順序＝車が先）はウ・オを受ける。エの They は many cities を指すのでアの直後。イの The lesson is はまとめなので最後。ウ→ア→オ→エ→イ だと「逆転し始めた」の直後に過去の状況（were allowed）が来て時間が戻る。
- ア In short 「遅れた・誤りだらけ」を「ほとんど役に立たなかった」とまとめているので In short（要するに）。
- undefined A→C→B B の such work は C の「起きている間にできない仕事」を受けるので C の直後。A「睡眠は失われた時間ではない」→ C の it が sleep を受けて「脳は起きている間にできない仕事に使う」→ B がその具体例。
発展
- ウ ② 入れる一文の our attention is somewhere else（注意がよそにある）は、直前に「注意がよそに向いている場面」の説明を必要とする。② の直前「次に何を言うか、どう見えるか、握手すべきかで頭がいっぱい」がまさにそれで、直後の段落の This explains why…（これが〜の理由を説明する）はこの一文の内容を受けている。① では原因の説明（busy deciding…）より先に結論が来てしまう。③・④ は小説と初対面の対比の途中で、第 1 段落の話に戻ることになる。
- エ イ→エ→オ→ア→ウ then（それなら）を含むエ、Yet で始まるオ、The reason is で始まるアは先頭に来ない。事実を述べるイが先頭。エの It（タイプのほうが良さそうだ）はイを受けた見かけの結論で、オの Yet がそれをひっくり返す。アの they は pen users で、オの結果の理由。ウの The slowness（遅さ）はアの could not keep up を言いかえたまとめなので最後。イ→オ→エ→ア→ウ だと「ペンのほうが覚えていた」の後に「タイプのほうが良さそうだ」が来て逆接の向きが合わない。
- エ エ→ア→オ→イ→ウ アの It は A good apology を指すのでエの直後。エ→ア で「良い謝罪は短い。したことを言い、害を認め、そこで止まる」と型を示し、オの The trouble（問題）で反対の例に移る。イの引用文は but の具体例なのでオの直後。ウの an explanation（説明）はイの「議論になってしまう」を受けて「説明が必要なら別の機会に」と締める。エ→ア→イ→オ だと but の例が「問題は but から始まる」より先に出て、オが宙に浮く。
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