高2 / 文法 / hg-12
仮定法(過去・過去完了・未来・I wish・as if・without・倒置)
この単元でできるようになること
- 仮定法過去(今の事実と違う)と仮定法過去完了(過去の事実と違う)の形を正しく作れる
- 2 つが混ざる混合型(If I had 〜 then, I would be 〜 now)を読める
- 仮定法未来(If S should / were to)を使える
- I wish/as if/It is time/without(but for)/otherwise などのif を使わない仮定法を読める
- if の省略と倒置(Were I 〜/Had I 〜/Should 〜)を見抜ける
- 直説法の if(ありうる条件)と仮定法の if を区別できる
入試での位置づけ
仮定法は文法問題の定番中の定番で、とくに if の省略による倒置(Had I known …)、I wish + 過去完了、as if + 過去形、It is time + 過去形、without/but for が繰り返し出ます。長文では「would have + 過去分詞」を見て「実際はそうならなかった」と読み取れるかが、筆者の主張の理解に関わります。
1. 仮定法過去 ── 今の事実と違うこと
まずここだけ
If + S + 過去形(be は were), S + would/could/might + 原形 「(今の事実と違って)もし〜なら、…するだろう」
If I were you, I would accept the offer.(私はあなたではない) If I had enough money, I could buy a car.(お金がない) If he knew the truth, he might be angry.
直説法との違い:ありうることは現在形 + will(If it rains, I will stay home.)、現実と違うことは過去形 + would(If it rained now, …)。
2. 仮定法過去完了 ── 過去の事実と違うこと
まずここだけ
If + S + had + 過去分詞, S + would/could/might + have + 過去分詞 「(過去の事実と違って)もし〜だったら、…しただろう」
If I had studied harder, I would have passed the exam.(勉強しなかったので落ちた) If you had told me earlier, I could have helped you. If it had not rained, we would have gone hiking.
混合型 ── 過去の仮定と今の結果
if 節は過去完了、主節は仮定法過去(now などの語が合図):
If I had taken your advice then, I would be happier now.(あのとき助言を聞いていれば、今もっと幸せだろうに) If he had not helped me, I would not be here today.
3. 仮定法未来 ── 起こりそうにないこと・丁寧な依頼
ここまでできれば十分
| 形 | 意味 | 主節 |
|---|---|---|
| If S should + 原形 | 万一〜なら(可能性は低いがありうる) | will/would/命令文 どれも可 |
| If S were to + 原形 | 仮に〜だとしたら(実現性を問わない仮定) | would など |
If you should have any questions, please contact us.(万一ご質問があれば) If the sun were to rise in the west, I would not change my mind.
4. if を使わない仮定法
ここまでできれば十分
| 表現 | 形 | 意味 |
|---|---|---|
| I wish + S + 過去形 | 今のこと | 〜ならいいのに(I wish I were taller.) |
| I wish + S + had + 過去分詞 | 過去のこと | 〜だったらよかったのに(I wish I had studied harder.) |
| If only + 仮定法 | 〜でさえあればなあ(I wish より強い) | |
| as if(as though) + 過去形 | 主節と同時 | まるで〜のように(He talks as if he knew everything.) |
| as if + had + 過去分詞 | 主節より前 | まるで〜だったかのように(as if he had seen a ghost) |
| It is (high/about) time + S + 過去形 | もう〜してもよいころだ(It is time you went to bed.) | |
| Without/But for + 名詞 | = If it were not for(今)/If it had not been for(過去) | 〜がなければ・なかったら |
| With + 名詞 | 〜があれば | |
| otherwise | = if not | さもなければ(I took a taxi; otherwise I would have been late.) |
| 主語に仮定が含まれる | A wise man would not do such a thing.(賢い人なら) | |
| to 不定詞に仮定が含まれる | To hear him talk, you would think he was a native speaker.(彼が話すのを聞けば) |
Without your help, I could not have finished it.(= If it had not been for your help) But for water, nothing could live.(= If it were not for water)
5. if の省略と倒置 ── 見抜けるかどうか
ここまでできれば十分
if 節の were/had/should を文頭に出し、if を省略できる(書き言葉)。
| 元の形 | 倒置 |
|---|---|
| If I were you, | Were I you, |
| If I had known it, | Had I known it, |
| If you should need help, | Should you need help, |
| If it were not for your help, | Were it not for your help, |
| If it had not been for your help, | Had it not been for your help, |
Had I known her address, I would have written to her. Should you have any questions, please ask.
読むときの合図:文頭に Were/Had/Should + 主語 が来て疑問文でなければ、仮定法の倒置。
6. 時制の整理表
| 何について | if 節 | 主節 |
|---|---|---|
| 今の事実と違う | 過去形(were) | would/could/might + 原形 |
| 過去の事実と違う | had + 過去分詞 | would/could/might + have + 過去分詞 |
| 過去の仮定 → 今の結果 | had + 過去分詞 | would + 原形(+ now) |
| 万一(未来) | should + 原形 | will/would/命令文 |
| 仮に(未来) | were to + 原形 | would + 原形 |
7. よくある間違い
- × If I was you, → ○ were(学校文法では were)
- × If I had known it, I would tell you. → ○ would have told(過去のこと)
- × I wish I can fly. → ○ could
- × I wish I studied harder last year. → ○ had studied(過去のこと)
- × He talks as if he is a doctor. → ○ were
- × It is time you go to bed. → ○ went
- × If had I known → ○ Had I known(if を消したら倒置)
- × Without your help, I cannot finish it yesterday. → ○ could not have finished
8. 自己チェック
- 今のことなら「過去形 + would 原形」、過去のことなら「had 過去分詞 + would have 過去分詞」か
- now などがあれば混合型を疑ったか
- I wish・as if の時制は「主節と同時なら過去形、前なら過去完了」か
- It is time のあとは過去形か
- Were/Had/Should が文頭なら if の省略と読めたか
- Without/But for の主節の時制は文脈(今か過去か)に合っているか
9. 小テストへ
→ 小テスト(hg-12)
関連する単元
- 前提:e3-07 仮定法(I wish/If I were)、hg-03 完了形、hg-04 助動詞
- 次に進む:hg-13 接続詞、hg-17 倒置
- ここで使う考え方が出てくる:hr-04 英文解釈、hw-01 英作文(意見の根拠に仮定を使う)
参考資料
- 文部科学省『高等学校学習指導要領(平成30年告示)解説 外国語編・英語編』── 「仮定法」の項
受験のしらべ / https://juken-shirabe.com/daigaku/english/hg-12/ / 更新 2026-09-12