高2 / 文法 / hg-18
話法と時制の一致(直接話法 ↔ 間接話法)
この単元でできるようになること
- 時制の一致のルール(主節が過去なら従属節も過去へ)と、その例外(不変の真理・習慣・歴史上の事実・仮定法)がわかる
- 直接話法(”…”)を間接話法(that/if/to 不定詞)に直せる:平叙文・疑問文・命令文・感嘆文
- 代名詞・時や場所を表す語(now → then, here → there, tomorrow → the next day …)を書きかえられる
- 伝達動詞の使い分け(say/tell/ask/order/advise/suggest)ができる
- 長文で「誰がいつ言ったことか」を間接話法から復元できる
入試での位置づけ
話法の書きかえ問題は近年減りましたが、時制の一致は文法問題で今も定番で、とくに例外(不変の真理は現在形のまま)と命令文 → tell 人 to、疑問文 → ask 人 if/疑問詞 + S V(語順)が問われます。共通テストの会話文・物語文では間接話法が多く、「said that he had already left」を「(そのとき)もう出たあとだった」と正しく時間関係で読めるかどうかが内容理解に直結します。
1. 時制の一致 ── 主節が過去なら従属節も過去へ
まずここだけ
主節の動詞が過去になると、that 節などの従属節の動詞も1 段階過去へずれる。
| 従属節(主節が現在のとき) | → 主節が過去のとき |
|---|---|
| 現在形 is/lives | → 過去形 was/lived |
| 過去形 lived | → 過去完了 had lived |
| 現在完了 has lived | → 過去完了 had lived |
| will/can/may | → would/could/might |
| must | → must(そのまま)/had to |
I think he is honest. → I thought he was honest. She says she will come. → She said she would come. He says he saw it. → He said he had seen it.
例外 ── 過去にずらさない
| 例外 | 例 |
|---|---|
| 不変の真理・一般的事実 | He said that the earth goes around the sun. |
| 現在も続く習慣・事実 | She said she walks to school every day.(今も歩いている) |
| 歴史上の事実 | The teacher said that the war ended in 1945.(過去完了にしない) |
| 仮定法 | He said that if he were rich, he would buy it. |
| 助動詞 must/should/ought to/had better | He said I must go.(そのまま) |
2. 話法の転換 ── 平叙文
まずここだけ
直接話法(”…” で言葉をそのまま)→ 間接話法(that 節で内容を伝える)。3 つを変える:①伝達動詞 ②代名詞 ③時制と時・場所の語
He said to me, “I am busy now.” → He told me that he was busy then.
| 直接 | 間接 |
|---|---|
| say to 人, ”…” | tell 人 that …(say that も可、tell には人が必要) |
| I/you/we | 話し手・聞き手に合わせて he/she/they などに |
| now → then, today → that day, tonight → that night | |
| yesterday → the day before/the previous day | |
| tomorrow → the next day/the following day | |
| 〜 ago → 〜 before | |
| here → there, this → that, these → those | |
| last night → the night before, next week → the following week |
3. 疑問文・命令文・感嘆文の転換
ここまでできれば十分
| 種類 | 直接話法 | 間接話法 | ポイント |
|---|---|---|---|
| Yes/No 疑問文 | He said to me, “Are you tired?” | He asked me if(whether)I was tired. | if + S + V の語順(疑問文の語順にしない) |
| 疑問詞疑問文 | She said to me, “Where do you live?” | She asked me where I lived. | 疑問詞 + S + V |
| 命令文 | He said to me, “Open the door.” | He told me to open the door. | tell 人 to 〜 |
| 否定の命令文 | She said to me, “Don’t go out.” | She told me not to go out. | not to |
| 依頼(please) | He said to me, “Please help me.” | He asked me to help him. | ask 人 to 〜 |
| 提案(Let’s) | He said, “Let’s go.” | He suggested (that) we (should) go. / He suggested going. | suggest + that 節/-ing |
| 感嘆文 | She said, “How beautiful the flower is!” | She said how beautiful the flower was. / She exclaimed that the flower was very beautiful. | |
| 忠告 | The doctor said to me, “You should rest.” | The doctor advised me to rest. | advise 人 to 〜 |
| 命令(強い) | The officer said, “Stop!” | The officer ordered us to stop. | order 人 to 〜 |
2 つの文をつなぐとき:平叙文 + 平叙文 → that … and that …/ 平叙文 + 命令文 → … and told me to …
He said, “I’m tired. Let me rest.” → He said that he was tired and asked me to let him rest.
4. 読解での使い方 ── 時間関係を復元する
間接話法の過去完了・would は「言った時点」を基準に読む。
She said that she had finished the report.(言ったときには終わっていた) He told me he would call me the next day.(言った翌日に電話する、と言った)
描出話法(小説):伝達動詞なしに人物の心の声を過去形で書く。He looked at the clock. Was it already ten?(もう 10 時なのか、と彼は思った)── 読むときは「登場人物の思い」として補う。
5. よくある間違い
- × He asked me where did I live. → ○ where I lived(疑問文の語順にしない)
- × He asked me that I was tired. → ○ if(Yes/No 疑問文は if)
- × He said me that … → ○ told me/said to me
- × He told me to not go. → ○ not to go
- × He said that the earth went around the sun. → ○ goes(不変の真理)
- × She said she will come. → ○ would(時制の一致)
- × He said, “I saw it yesterday.” → He said he had seen it yesterday. → ○ the day before
6. 自己チェック
- 主節が過去なら、従属節を 1 段階過去にずらしたか
- 不変の真理・歴史上の事実は現在形・過去形のままにしたか
- 疑問文は if/疑問詞 + S + V の語順にしたか
- 命令文は tell(ask/advise/order)人 to、否定は not to か
- 代名詞と、now/here/yesterday/tomorrow を変えたか
- say と tell の使い分け(tell には人が要る)をしたか
7. 小テストへ
→ 小テスト(hg-18)
関連する単元
- 前提:hg-02 時制、hg-03 完了形、e3-06 間接疑問文
- 次に進む:hg-19 疑問文・付加疑問・間接疑問の整理、hg-20 動詞の語法
- ここで使う考え方が出てくる:hr-03 会話文・物語文の読解、hw-02 リスニング
参考資料
- 文部科学省『高等学校学習指導要領(平成30年告示)解説 外国語編・英語編』── 「時制の一致」「話法」の項
受験のしらべ / https://juken-shirabe.com/daigaku/english/hg-18/ / 更新 2026-09-12